Pompeii, The West side of the Street of Tombs with the remains of the Ancient Inn
1841, 22 April
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp1
LL/75982 [Further details available]
1 of 109
Pompeii, The East side of the Street of Tombs, from one of the upper rooms in the ancient inn. In the distance is the modern town of Torre dell'Annunziata
1841, 21 April
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp2
LL/76020 [Further details available]
2 of 109
Pompeii. The Basilica
1841, 12 May
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp3
LL/75970 [Further details available]
3 of 109
Pompeii, The Forum from the Southern extremity. In the distance [scarcely visible] Vesuvius
1841, 12 May
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp4
LL/75971 [Further details available]
4 of 109
Pompeii, The Forum from the South East Angle
1841, 21 April
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp5
LL/76019 [Further details available]
5 of 109
Pompeii. The temple (called that of Jupiter) at the Northern extremity of the Forum, seen from the South East
1841, 12 May, around bout 10.30 am
Daguerreotype
National Science and Media Museum
Part of the Ellis group of daguerreotypes, Inventory no: 1890-56-Pp6
LL/75981 [Further details available]
6 of 109
House of Sallust, Vesuvius behind, Pompeii
1846
Salt print
16 x 21 cm (approx)
National Science and Media Museum
LL/39428
7 of 109
House of Sallust, Vesuvius behind, Pompeii
1846, Spring
Salted paper print
6 3/8 x 8 1/4 in (16.2 x 21 cm)
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Loaned from the National Media Museum, Bradford
LL/25990 [Further details available]
8 of 109
House of Sallust, Ruins of Pompeii
1846
Salted paper print, from paper negative
6 3/8 × 8 5/16 in. (16.2 × 21.1 cm) (image) 7 11/16 × 9 13/16 in. (19.5 × 24.9 cm) (sheet)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH)
Gift of Manfred Heiting, the Manfred Heiting Collection, Object Number: 2004.332
LL/112931
9 of 109
House of Sallust, Ruins of Pompeii
1846
Salted paper print, from paper negative
6 7/16 × 8 5/16 in. (16.4 × 21.1 cm) (image)7 3/4 × 9 13/16 in. (19.7 × 24.9 cm) (sheet)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH)
Gift of Manfred Heiting, the Manfred Heiting Collection, Object Number: 2004.333
LL/112932
10 of 109
51. House of Sallust Pompeii
1846, February - 1846, May
Salted paper print, pinholes
16.2 x 21.1 cm (image) 19.8 x 24.2 cm (paper)
Victoria and Albert Museum
The Royal Photographic Society Collection at the V&A, acquired with the generous assistance of the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Art Fund., Accession Number: RPS.322-2017
LL/112933
11 of 109
House of Sallust, Ruins of Pompeii
1846
Salted paper print, from paper negative with applied color
6 5/8 × 8 1/2 in. (16.8 × 21.6 cm) (image) 6 5/8 × 8 1/2 in. (16.8 × 21.6 cm) (sheet)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH)
Gift of Manfred Heiting, the Manfred Heiting Collection, Object Number: 2004.334
LL/112930
12 of 109
50. Street at Pompeii leading to the Forum, 2nd series
1846
Salted Paper Print
17 x 21.6 cm
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4594, Schaaf no. 3115
LL/82215 [Further details available]
13 of 109
12. Temple of Venus, Pompeii, 2nd series
1846
Salted Paper Print
8.6 x 10.2 cm
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4599, Schaaf no. 3459
LL/82216
14 of 109
15. Tympanium Table & Wine Cooler, Pompeii, 2nd series
n.d.
Salted Paper Print
9.4 x 11 cm (image)
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4617/1, Schaaf no. 3481
LL/82217
15 of 109
17. Arch leading to Forum, Pompeii, 2nd series
n.d.
Salted Paper Print
8.7 x 10.5 cm
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4612, Schaaf no. 2986
LL/82218
16 of 109
20. House of Tragic Poet, Pompeii, 2nd series
n.d.
Salted Paper Print
8.8 x 10.9 cm
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4608/1, Schaaf no. 3005
LL/82219
17 of 109
The Forum, Pompeii
n.d.
Paper Negative - Camera
16.1 x 20.9 cm
National Science and Media Museum
1937-4597, Schaaf no. 2970
LL/82214
18 of 109
Pompei casa del Forno
[Fotografi di Roma 1849]
1849
Salted paper print
Getty Research Institute
Id/Accession no: 2002.R.45*, Image 38
LL/96078 [Further details available]
19 of 109
[The ruins of Pompeii, Italy, the Roman city damaged by earthquake and then overwhelmed by lava and ash from an eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in the first century.]
1850s
Photographic print
Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
Reference: GB 237 Coll-20, Shelfmark: E99.41
LL/40235
20 of 109
[The ruins of Pompeii, Italy, the Roman city damaged by earthquake and then overwhelmed by lava and ash from an eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in the first century.]
1850s
Photographic print
Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections Division
Reference: GB 237 Coll-20, Shelfmark: E99.41
LL/40236
21 of 109
Basilica Ruins [Pompeii]
[Group of negatives organized by the photographer, entitled "Pompei"]
1851, September
Calotype negative
17.4 x 22.5 cm (irregular)
George Eastman Museum
Gift of Alden Scott Boyer, GEH NEG: 28220, 81:1683:0148
LL/33468 [Further details available]
22 of 109
Pompéï, Boulangerie
1853
Waxed paper negative
23.1 × 17.3 cm (9 1/8 x 6 3/4 ins)
Villa Grisebach Auktionen GmbH - Berlin
Auction 311, 27 November 2019, Lot: 2039R
LL/94673
23 of 109
Arc de Caligula et murs en ruines [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM00116
LL/86136
24 of 109
Atrium et colonnes restantes du péristyle, Maison du Poète [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0071
LL/86162
25 of 109
Colonnes restantes du péristyle, Maison du Faune [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0066
LL/86163
26 of 109
Ensemble de la porte depuis une voie, Porte d'Herculanum [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0065
LL/86164
27 of 109
Base des colonnes, un homme assis sur un muret, Maison d'Actéon [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0062
LL/86165
28 of 109
Restes des gradins et de la scène, Théâtre [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0057
LL/86166
29 of 109
Chapiteau sur une colonne, Basilique [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0056
LL/86167
30 of 109
Statue de Vénus au milieu des colonnes restantes, Temple de Vénus [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0052
LL/86168
31 of 109
Statue de Vénus au milieu des colonnes restantes, Temple de Vénus [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0051
LL/86169
32 of 109
Murs en ruines, restes de soubassemet, Temple de la Fortune Auguste [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0050
LL/86170
33 of 109
Dans une cour, un laraire, Maison de Castor et Pollux [Pompeii]
[Calotypes ; Voyages à l'étranger]
1851
Calotype
Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine
No photographie: NRM0049
LL/86171
34 of 109
Pompeii Public Forum
1855 (ca)
Albumenized salted paper print
24.4 x 24.3 cm
George Eastman Museum
Gift of Stephen White, 1986.0463.0001
LL/70003
35 of 109
Pompeii, Pompey’s Lane, Tomb Monument of Mamia
1853 (ca)
Salted paper print, from a waxed paper negative
8 15/16 × 12 7/16 ins (22.7 × 31.6 cm) (image) 13 13/16 ins × 19 3/16 ins (35.1 × 48.8 cm) (mount)
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Purchase, Mr. and Mrs. John A. Moran Gift, in memory of Louise Chisholm Moran, 2013, Accession Number: 2013.954
LL/73863
36 of 109
Pompeii: Maison du Faune
1853
Salt print
The Hyman Collection
LL/54700
37 of 109
Pompeii: maison du Faune ou la Grande mosaique
1853
Salt print
24.5 x 32.8 cms (9.63 x 12.89 ins)
James Hyman Gallery
JHG10053
LL/90109 [Further details available]
38 of 109
Pompeii: vue des tombeaux
1853
Salt print
9 5/16 × 12 5/8 ins (23.65 × 32.07 cm) (image and sheet)
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
Gift of the Hall Family Foundation, Object number: 2016.75.135
LL/81697
39 of 109
Maison de Pansa, Pompeii
1852-1855 (ca)
Coated salt print, from a paper negative
23.6 x 32.6 cm
Hans P. Kraus, Jr., Inc.
LL/96258
40 of 109
Forum and Basilica, Pompeii
1858-1859
Albumen silver print
15 1/16 × 19 in. (38.3 × 48.3 cm) (image) 20 7/8 × 22 1/4 in. (53 × 56.5 cm)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH)
Gift of Manfred Heiting, the Manfred Heiting Collection, Object number: 2004.395
LL/116791
41 of 109
Stabian Baths, Pompeii
1858-1859
Albumen silver print
14 15/16 × 18 7/8in. (38 × 48cm) (image) 20 9/16 × 22 1/16 in. (52.2 × 56 cm) (mount)
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH)
Gift of Manfred Heiting, the Manfred Heiting Collection, Object number: 2004.394
LL/116787
42 of 109
[Naples. Pompéi. Maison de Diomède]
1858-1859
Albumen print
34.6 x 40.1 cm (image), 47.1 x 61 cm (support)
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
EO-23 (2)-BOITE FT 4, ark:/12148/btv1b53212393z
LL/116758
43 of 109
Naples - Pompéi. Temple d'Isis
1858-1859
Albumen print
47 x 60.8 cm (support)
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
EO-23 (2)-BOITE FT 4, ark:/12148/btv1b53212392h
LL/116756
44 of 109
Excavations at Pompeii
1870s
Albumen print
Jeffrey Kraus Antique Photographics
LL/6262
45 of 109
Ancient Arena, Pompei
1870s (ca)
Albumen print
Private collection
LL/21018
46 of 109
Pompei, Arianna. Scavi Nuovi. Casa dei Vetti
1870s (ca)
Albumen print
10 x 8 & 10 1/4 x 8
Charles Nes Photography LLC New York - Paris
LL/5841
47 of 109
Pompei
[Pompéi (Book)]
1880
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
(FRBNF39132350) (Cote: IFN-6500264)
LL/7010
48 of 109
Pompei
[Pompéi (Book)]
1880
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
(FRBNF39132350) (Cote: IFN-6500264)
LL/7011
49 of 109
Pompei
[Pompéi (Book)]
1880
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
(FRBNF39132350) (Cote: IFN-6500264)
LL/7012
50 of 109
Pompei
[Pompéi (Book)]
1880
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
(FRBNF39132350) (Cote: IFN-6500264)
LL/7013
51 of 109
Pompei, Porta Ercolana
1880 (ca)
Albumen print
10 x 15 cm
Vintage-Photos
LL/32608
52 of 109
House of Cornelis Rufus
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55521 [Further details available]
53 of 109
Recent excavations
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55522 [Further details available]
54 of 109
Recent excavations
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55523 [Further details available]
55 of 109
Fountain in the House of the Balcony
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55524 [Further details available]
56 of 109
Street of the Tombs
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55525 [Further details available]
57 of 109
Mills and Oven
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55526 [Further details available]
58 of 109
View near the Old Baths
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55527 [Further details available]
59 of 109
View in the Forum
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55528 [Further details available]
60 of 109
The Basilica
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55529 [Further details available]
61 of 109
The Triangular Forum
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55530 [Further details available]
62 of 109
House of Holconius
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55531 [Further details available]
63 of 109
Fresco of Bacchus and Ariadne
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55532 [Further details available]
64 of 109
Fresco in House of Siricus
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55533 [Further details available]
65 of 109
House of Lucretius
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55534 [Further details available]
66 of 109
Mosaic Fountain
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55535 [Further details available]
67 of 109
Fresco of Bacchus and Faun
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55536 [Further details available]
68 of 109
Fresco of Mars and Venus
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55537 [Further details available]
69 of 109
Fresco of Judgment of Paris
1867
Albumen print, tipped-in
Internet Archive
LL/55538 [Further details available]
70 of 109
Tempio di Venere (Apollon), Pompei
1870s
Photographic print
Private collection of Jan Weijers (Servatius)
LL/47514
71 of 109
Vue de Pompei: "Strata della abondanza"
1880 (ca)
Albumen print
27 x 35 cm
Photo Verdeau
LL/40013
72 of 109
Cover of album "Souvenir de Pompei" by Giorgio Sommer
1880s (ca)
Album cover
Private collection
LL/21019
73 of 109
Pompei. Archaeological site [Site archéologique]
[Milan, Venise, Florence, Bologne, Naples, Pompéi (Book)]
1900
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Estampes et de la Photographie
(FRBNF39133133) (Cote: IFN-6500258)
LL/7005
74 of 109
Pompei
[Collezioni Brogi in miniatura. Serie Napoletana - Tav. No. 18]
n.d.
Albumen print (?)
Private collection of Jan Weijers (Servatius)
LL/43853
75 of 109
Panorama Preso Dalle Mura [Pompeii, a panoramic view of the walls]
1870 (ca)
Albumen print
Private collection of John Quin
LL/101638
76 of 109
Site of Pompei, Pompei, Campania, Italy
n.d.
Albumen print
21 x 26 cm
The Courtauld Institute of Art
Copyright: © Courtauld Institute of Art , Conway Collections
LL/36667
77 of 109
Studio mark on a cabinet card of Giorgio Sommer
n.d.
Cabinet card
Private collection of Giovanni Fanelli
LL/46055 [Further details available]
78 of 109
Panorama di Pompei
1865 (ca)
Albumen print
Archive Farms
LL/55243
79 of 109
Serapid Temple - Pozzuoli (Naples)
1880 (ca)
Cabinet card
Private collection of Salvatore Sutera Sardo
LL/113066
80 of 109
Interior of the Museum, Pompei
1870 (ca)
Albumen print
7 11/16 x 10 ins
Archive Farms
LL/64856
81 of 109
[Naples National Museum: Mosaic, Pompeii]
1875-1880 (taken) 1890-1915 (print)
Gelatin silver print
24.3 × 19.4 cm (9 9/16 × 7 5/8 in.)
J. Paul Getty Museum
Object Number: 84.XP.709.424
LL/126192 [Further details available]
82 of 109
No. 2 Gauche du Forum
[Pompeii]
n.d.
Stereocard
Private collection of Emanuele Bennici
LL/68506 [Further details available]
83 of 109
No. 24 Hotellerie (voie des Tombeaux)
[Pompeii]
n.d.
Stereocard
Private collection of Emanuele Bennici
LL/68507 [Further details available]
84 of 109
Giuseppe Garibaldi at Pompeii
1860, 22 October
Stereocard
Creative Commons - Wikipedia
LL/86222
85 of 109
Entrée du forum civil, à Pompeï
[Vedute d'Italia di E. Lamy / Vues d'Italie par E. Lamy.]
1860-1870s
Stereoview
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-stereo-1s01708 (digital file from original item)
LL/109594
86 of 109
Pompeii
1904
Gelatin silver print
9 5/8 x 7 3/4 ins
Portland Art Museum
Gift of Robert and Shirley Benz, 90.14.55
LL/72688
87 of 109
General View & Vesuvius, Pompei
1875 (ca)
Albumen print, with applied color (Megalethoscope slide)
24.8 x 33.8 cm
George Eastman Museum
Museum accession, 1984.0852.0049
LL/74433
88 of 109
[Basilica, Pompeii]
1875 (ca)
Albumen print
18.8 × 24.6 cm (7 3/8 × 9 11/16 ins) (image)
George Eastman Museum
Gift of Alden Scott Boyer, 1983.1009.0001
LL/74504
89 of 109
[Pompeii, Amphitheater]
1875 (ca)
Albumen print
19.2 × 24.7 cm (7 9/16 × 9 3/4 ins) (image)
George Eastman Museum
Gift of the 3M Foundation, ex-collection Louis Walton Sipley, 1979.1905.0001
LL/74505
90 of 109
Pompeii, Maison du Poete
1870-1889
Albumen silver print
20.1 × 26 cm (7 15/16 × 10 1/4 ins)
J. Paul Getty Museum
Object Number: 84.XP.1431.6
LL/87422 [Further details available]
91 of 109
Pompeii, Amphitheatre
1870-1889
Albumen silver print
19.9 × 25.9 cm (7 13/16 × 10 3/16 ins)
J. Paul Getty Museum
Object Number: 84.XP.1148.40
LL/87424
92 of 109
Pompeii, Interieur des Thermes
1870-1889
Albumen silver print
19.4 × 25.2 cm (7 5/8 × 9 15/16 ins)
J. Paul Getty Museum
Object Number: 84.XP.1431.5
LL/87427
93 of 109
[Pompeii]
[Journal of a trip in Europe]
1874-1875
Album page
J. Paul Getty Museum
ID/Accession Number: 88.R.17, Volume 2, Page 197
LL/90617 [Further details available]
94 of 109
[Pompeii]
[Journal of a trip in Europe]
1874-1875
Album page
J. Paul Getty Museum
ID/Accession Number: 88.R.17, Volume 2, Page 198
LL/90618 [Further details available]
95 of 109
Excavation workers, Pompeii, Italy
1897
Stereoview
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-stereo-1s28444 (digital file from original)
LL/109483 [Further details available]
96 of 109
Model, ruins of Pompeii, national museum, Naples, Italy
1897
Stereoview
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-stereo-1s28384 (digital file from original)
LL/109482 [Further details available]
97 of 109
Pompeii, Rue et Temple de la Fortune (Pompeii, View of the Temple of Fortuna Augusta)
[Vues de Pompei, Naples et Environs]
1860s (ca)
Stereoview
Private collection of Robert Olson
LL/120762
98 of 109
Pompeii, Panorama de la Basilique
[Vues de Pompei, Naples et Environs]
1860s (ca)
Stereoview
Private collection of Robert Olson
LL/120763
99 of 109
Pompeii, Forum Civil
[Vues de Pompei, Naples et Environs]
1860s (ca)
Stereoview
Private collection of Robert Olson
LL/120764
100 of 109
[L'arc triomphal e Pompei]
[Italie au Stereoscope]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123430
101 of 109
735. Rue de la ville de Pompei, prise de la rue de l'Amphithéâtre
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123326
102 of 109
Pompei
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123343
103 of 109
Pompei - Amphitheatre
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123344
104 of 109
222. Pompei - Pompei forum
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123346
105 of 109
232 Pompei - [? Stabienne]
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123348
106 of 109
Pompei
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123349
107 of 109
Pompei
[Vues d'Italie]
n.d.
Stereoview
Private collection of Jeffrey Oaks
LL/123351
108 of 109
Pesi e Misure in Metallo, Pompei
1870 (ca)
Albumen print
7 3/4 x 10 in.
Archive Farms
The Patrick Montgomery Collection, Object No. 2016.662
LL/124621
109 of 109
109 images
Years
1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 18491850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860
1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871
1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882
1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893
1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904
1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915
1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937
1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948
1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Contents - Themes & Fragments