1. | ![]() | W.B. Francis 1845 (ca) Bladder stones Salted paper print Norfolk Heritage Centre The exact location of this print is requested. The online location is: www.earlynorfolkphotographs.co.uk/Photographers/William_Francis/William_Francis_photographer.html Credited to the Norfolk Heritage Centre. |
2. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Louisa Walters, photographed in 1868, twenty-eight years after being operated on at age twelve to remove her leg at the hip. Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 287). |
3. | ![]() | George Edward Shuttleworth 1895 George Edward Shuttleworth holding a male child, showing signs of Down's syndrome, upon his lap Albumen print (?) 9.7 x 7.6 cm (sheet) Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0030003, Library reference no.: ICV No 30486) The title used here is that provided by the Wellcome Library but the diagnosis is not certain and it has been suggested that it might be Neural Tube defect (pers. comm. Renee Forrestall, 5 Aug 2011). We would welcome advice from a specialist in Down's syndrome. |
4. | ![]() | Wilhelm Scharmann (Berlin) n.d. Two dwarfs from Burma, standing next to a bottle Carte de visite 6.5 x 4.6 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0007436, Library reference no.: ICV No 7656) Copy print. |
5. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Thirty-seven-year-old Boston woman's pre-operative tumors of her breasts Joint Pathology Center (JPC) Formerly: Army Medical Museum, CP 2027 |
6. | ![]() | James Wallace Black 1863 Enchondroma of the scapula Albumen print 29.5 x 23.1 cm (11 5/8 x 9 1/8 ins) Princeton University Art Museum Museum purchase, anonymous gift, Object Number: 2008-62 |
7. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1877 Doctor and suspended patient Woodburytype 11.6 x 8.3 cm George Eastman Museum Record Id: 1999:0112:0010 Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. Spinal Disease and Spinal Curvature: Their Treatment by Suspension and the Use of Plaster of Paris Bandage (London, 1877) |
8. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1877 Doctor and suspended patient Woodburytype 11.6 x 8.6 cm George Eastman Museum Record Id: 1999:0112:0017 Lewis A. Sayre, M.D. Spinal Disease and Spinal Curvature: Their Treatment by Suspension and the Use of Plaster of Paris Bandage (London, 1877) |
9. | ![]() | Unknown (American) 1900 Study of a woman with spinal Injury in Traction Cabinet card Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
10. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1910 Photogram of a male torso (France) Cyanotype 90.8 x 35.2 cm AnamorFose |
11. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Man with Smallpox. National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington (Reeve 48135) |
12. | ![]() | Werner Bischof 1951 Town of Hiroshima. A victim of the Hiroshima atomic explosion, Japan Gelatin silver print Silverstein Photography |
13. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1940 Alopecia Photo postcard, gelatin Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
14. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Full-thickness flaps being closed over metal plate in casualty with huge skull defect National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine (NCP 1690). |
15. | ![]() | Unknown (American) 1940 Photobooth portrait Gelatin silver print, photobooth Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
16. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1870, 30 Sept (after) SP310 Cranium with an Iron Arrow-Head impacted in the left Temporal Bone Albumen print National Museum of Health and Medicine Private Martin W____, Troop E, 4th Cavalry, was killed by Indians on September 30, 1870, twenty miles from Fort Concho, Texas, while on duty as one of the mail-stage guard from Fort Chadbourne. The escort being attacked by a band of Comanches, this soldier was wounded by an iron-headed arrow, which entered the squamous portion of the temporal bone, and penetrated the left cerebral hemisphere to a depth of an inch or more, causing intracranial bleeding which was speedily fatal. The pathological specimen, with the history, was forwarded to the Army Medical Museum by Assistant Surgeon W.M. Notson, U.S.A., and is numbered 5908 of the Surgical Section. A puncture of the thin calvaria, without fissuring, is well indicated. Internally there is no splintering. The vitrous table is as cleanly divided as the outer table. Photographed at the Army Medical Museum by order of the Surgeon General: George A, Otis, Ass't Surgeon, U.S.A., Curator, A.M.M. Selected by Kathleen. This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
17. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Syphilis of skull. Path. [pathological] series #14763. World War 1 era. National Museum of Health and Medicine This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
18. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1958 (later) Trephined skull excavated at Jericho in 1958 [Tomb 88] by Dr. Kathleen Kenyon, C.B.E., Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Gelatin silver print Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (L0004561, Library reference no.: Museum No. 277/1959) It has been trephined in four places, these show different stages of healing and one of them is almost completely healed. Circa 2200 B.C. |
19. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1880s (late) A cross-section of a human brain Platinum print 7 1/8 x 5 3/8 ins Cornell University Library Burt Green Wilder Collection Curatorial comment from "Dawn's Early Light: The First 50 Years of American Photography", October 20, 2011 - May 4, 2012, Hirshland Exhibition Gallery in Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University Photography gave science a new way to record specimens. Burt Green Wilder (1841-1925) was a comparative anatomist and professor at Cornell University from 1867 to 1910. This platinum print shows a cross-section of a human brain, one of over 600 specimens in Wilder's collection, to which his own brain was added after his death. |
20. | ![]() | Unknown (French) 1916 (ca) From a series of ostopathic studies Gelatin silver print Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
21. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1945 After the war Gelatin silver print, snapshot Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
22. | ![]() | Keystone View Company 1930 Woman Bearing Stigmata Gelatin silver print Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
23. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1889, 12 February Hands of former professional baseball player, Douglas Allison, showing results of baseball playing, Palmar surface National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington (NS30) |
24. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1889, 12 February Hands of former professional baseball player, Douglas Allison, showing results of baseball playing, Dorsal surface. National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington (NS30) |
25. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Wax models of hands, used in an exhibit at the Army Medical Museum. National Museum of Health and Medicine MIS 61-4043 This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
26. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Orthopedics; feet of Chinese woman, bound, compared with tea cup and American woman's shoe. World War 1 era National Museum of Health and Medicine This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
27. | ![]() | E.P. Minett 1920s (ca) The foot of a 43 year-old, 4ft. 8 in., Chinese woman, showing the effect of foot binding with the broken (high) arch, under wrapped toes and cone shape heel. X-ray Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0031188, Iconographic Collections 644751i) |
28. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1867, July Eben Smith [nineteen years old] Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 203). |
29. | ![]() | William H. Bell 1865 Aug Major General Henry Barnum displaying his gunshot to the abdomen and hip Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 93). |
30. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Photograph provided by Barnum in support of his pension claim Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (NCP 3787; from Pension File 78753, National Archives) |
31. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Private George Lemon, ex-prisoner of war of the Confederates, survived a complete amputation of his leg at the hip after returning to the Union Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 137B). |
32. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Lemon, made for the 1876 Centennial Exposition, a leaf has been painted on the original negative over his genitals. Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 137A). |
33. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Private John Wallace has a leaf tied around his waist to hide his genitals Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs - ID not secure). |
34. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1869, 24 December Alfred Stratton, pensioned at twenty-five dollars a month and provided with artificial arms Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs - 262). |
35. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Injured Soldier Jacob Hertzog, and his prosthetic brace, became an impromptu model in an advertisement when Hudson contributed this annotated mounted picture to the Museum Joint Pathology Center (JPC) Formerly: Army Medical Museum, CP 1545 |
36. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Clinical photograph of Harold Russell, taken while he was being treated at the Army's Walter Reed General Hospital. Russell would later star in the film The Best Years of Our Lives and win an Academy Award Source requested (NCP 1598B). |
37. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1916 Military Hospital V.R. 76, Ris-Orangis, France: wounded soldier - 10 inch gash from sword at Verdun in 1st world war Gelatin silver print 8.7 x 6.2 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0029390, Library reference no.: ICV No 29867) |
38. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1870 (ca) Necrosis and Exfoliation and Deposits of Spongy Callus after a Gunshot Fracture of the Left Femur Joint Pathology Center (JPC) (Army Medical Museum Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, or simply Surgical Photographs 244). |
39. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. A set of vulcanite dentures worn by Gen. John J. (Blackjack) Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in France during the First World War. Color print National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine, Washington (M-500 00055) |
40. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1860s (ca) Dentist and his patient Tintype Source requested |
41. | ![]() | Frank Wendt n.d. Francesco Lentini Cabinet card Private collection of Laddy Kite Francesco Lentini (May 18, 1889 - Sept. 22, 1966), born in Sicily. He had a partial foot jutting from the knee on his third leg. In total, he had three legs, four feet, sixteen toes, and two sets of functioning male genitals, all that existed of a conjoined twin. Moved to the US at the age of nine. Toured with the Ringling Brothers circus act. Later, with Barnum and Bailey and Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. Married to Theresa Murray, they had four children. |
42. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Conjoined twins National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine |
43. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer n.d. Conjoined twins in nappies Gelatin silver print Private collection If you have any information on the photographer and the names of the twins I would be most grateful. |
44. | ![]() | Obermuller & Sons (888 Bowery, N.Y.) n.d. Conjoined twins in Christmas attire Gelatin silver print Private collection If you have any information on the names of the twins I would be most grateful. |
45. | ![]() | T.A. Beach n.d. The conjoined twins Mina and Minnie Finley Carte de visite J. Cosmas Vintage Photography Born October 12, 1870 in Ohio, they went on tour of the major Eastern cities as medical "oddities", and died at only nine months old in July of 1871. Back mark of "T. A. Beach, Delaware, OH". |
46. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1870-1871 Plate XVII. the Carolina Twins Magazine page, albumen print, tipped in Google Books Wm.H. Pancoast, M.D. "XVIII. The Carolina Twins" in Photographic Review of Medicine and Surgery. A Bi-Monthly Illustration of Interesting Cases, Accompanied by Notes, edited by F.F. Maury, M.D. and L.A. Durhring, M.S. (Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & Co.), Vol.I, No.5, 1870-71, p.43-57. |
47. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Chang and Eng Carte de visite Private collection of Laddy Kite Chang and Eng, the original "Siamese Twins." They were joined at the chest by a strip of cartillage. After exhibiting themselves in Europe and the US, they married sisters. and would rotate between the wives' houses every few days. Between the two brothers and two sisters, they had 22 children. |
48. | ![]() | William H. Bell n.d. Unidentified man with ptosis (drooping of an eyelid) Daguerreotype National Museum of Health and Medicine This purchase for the William Bell collection was made by the Museum with the support of Frederic A. Sharf. Bell was the Army Medical Museum's main photographer during the Civil War. Photograph by Bill Becker of www.photographymuseum.com This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
49. | ![]() | William H. Bell n.d. Unidentified man with ptosis (drooping of an eyelid) Daguerreotype National Museum of Health and Medicine This purchase for the William Bell collection was made by the Museum with the support of Frederic A. Sharf. Bell was the Army Medical Museum's main photographer during the Civil War. Photograph by Bill Becker of www.photographymuseum.com This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
50. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer n.d. Eye operation [Italian] Carte de visite Collection of Michael G. Jacob |
51. | ![]() | Linda Neville n.d. Portrait of a blind girl Lantern slide Kentucky Virtual Library University of Kentucky, Linda Neville (1873-1961), Charles Kerr, and Neville Family Papers, 1847-1959 (kukav:61m158:478) |
52. | ![]() | Arthur de Montmeja 1871 Illustration from "Traité des Opérations qui se pratiquent sur l'oeil" by Edouard Meyer and Dr. A. de Montmeja (Paris: Lauwereyns) Book illustration Swann Galleries - New York Courtesy of Swann Galleries (Auction, Dec 7, 2006, #2097, Lot 205) |
53. | ![]() | Unknown artist (American School) 1850s [Blind Man Wearing Dark Glasses] Daguerreotype 10.8 x 8.3 cm (4 1/4 x 3 1/4 ins) Metropolitan Museum of Art Purchase, W. Bruce and Delaney H. Lundberg Gift and Gilman Collection, Purchase, The Howard Gilman Foundation Gift, 2008, Accession Number: 2008.15 |
54. | ![]() | Unknown Artist (American School) 1850 (ca) [Blind Man and His Reader] Daguerreotype 9.1 x 6.6 cm (3 9/16 x 2 5/8 ins) (mount) 12 x 9.4 cm (4 3/4 x 3 11/16 ins) (case) Metropolitan Museum of Art Gilman Collection, Purchase, Ann Tenenbaum and Thomas H. Lee Gift, 2005, Accession Number: 2005.100.271 |
55. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1896 A plague house in Kaladevi Road, Bombay Albumen print 19.7 x 25.9 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0029850, Library reference no.: ICV No 30332) The plain circles on the wall represent death from plague. The circles with a cross within them denote death reported as from other maladies. |
56. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1897 A celebratory dance for discharged patients, during the bubonic plague outbreak in Karachi, India Albumen print (?) 21.1 x 28.4 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0029283, Library reference no.: ICV No 29759) |
57. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1876-1878 Famine in India: five emaciated children; a girl sitting and four boys lying on a mat. Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0029718, Library reference no.: ICV No 30199) |
58. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer 1876-1878 Famine in India: a group of emaciated young men wearing loin cloths and a woman wearing a sari 15.1 x 20.6 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (V0029717, Library reference no.: ICV No 30198) |
59. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Thromboangiitis obliterans X-ray National Museum of Health and Medicine This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 21, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
60. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Mutilation - self castigation. Graphophone needles X-ray National Museum of Health and Medicine This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 21, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
61. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1948 (ca) Four x-ray views of footbinding X-ray National Museum of Health and Medicine This image was posted to Flickr in Feb 22, 2009. - otisarchives1 / Otis Historical Archives Nat'l Museum of Health & Medicine |
62. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist 1900 (ca) Untitled [x-ray of a hand] Silver bromide print, x-ray Private collection of Brad Feuerhelm |
63. | ![]() | H.J. Hickman 1918 (ca) World War One, France: a radiographer wearing protective clothing and headpiece Gelatin silver print 13.8 x 8.6 cm Wellcome Collection Wellcome Library, London (L0050611) |
64. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer n.d. Phineas Gage with the iron rod that went through his skull in 1848. He lived 11 more years after the accident. Daguerreotype, 1/6 plate Warren Anatomical Museum, Center for the History of Medicine Wilgus B. and J. Wilgus (2009). "Face to Face with Phineas Gage". J. Hist. Neurosciences 18 (3): 340-345. http://brightbytes.com/phineasgage/index.html |
65. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
66. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
67. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
68. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
69. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
70. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
71. | ![]() | Hardy & Montmeja 1868 Clinique Photographique de l'hopital Saint-Louis Book plate Bassenge Photography Auctions Auction (17 June 2009, Sale 93, Lot 4645) Contemporary half-leather volume (edges slightly rubbed, corners bumped) illustrated with 49 original partially hand-colored albumen photographs, gilt-stamped spine (slightly faded). Paris, Librairie Chamerot et Lauwereyns, 1868. The first edition of this fascinating work on skin disease which was the first work to be illustrated with orginal photographs on this topic. The photographs show skin cancer, syphillus, eczema and many other skin diseases and their various symptoms. Extremely rare copy of the first edition. |
72. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Bibliographic entry for "the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion, 1861-65" (Washington, 1870-1888) Bibliographic entry Google Books |
73. | ![]() | W.H. Rhoads 1888 (before) Operations for Contracted Cicatrices Book illustrations Google Books John Ashhurst, Jr. The Principles and Practice of Surgery (), fig.159, p.306 and fig.160, p.307. The two illustrations have been conjoined for ease of display. The photographs on which these are based are included in Laura Lindgren, editor, Mutter Museum: Historic Medical Photographs - The College of Physicans of Philadelphia (New York: Blast Books, 2007), p.40-41. |
74. | ![]() | Mr Alexander n.d. La lecon d'anatomie Heliogravure Private collection of Manuel Magalhaes Nadar Paris-Photographe , IV, No.7, 30 July 1894 |
75. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. The new M2A Capsule, a pill endoscope, created by Given Imaging Ltd National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine |
76. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. Egg surrounded by sperm National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine |
77. | ![]() | Unidentified photographer / artist n.d. A scoliotic spine National Museum of Health and Medicine National Museum of Health and Medicine |