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| 1. |  | Alexander Gardner 1865-1866 Album cover for "Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War, Volume 1" Album cover 17.8 x 22.7 cm (7 x 8 15/16 ins) Metropolitan Museum of Art Gilman Collection, Purchase, Ann Tenenbaum and Thomas H. Lee Gift, 2005, Accession Number: 2005.100.502.1 (1-50) | ||
| 2. |  | Alexander Gardner 1865 Title page from "Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War" (Washington: Philp & Solomons, [1865]) Title page Donald A. Heald - Rare Books, Prints & Maps Courtesy of Donald A. Heald, #18897 | ||
| 3. |  | William Pywell 1862, August Marshall House, Alexandria, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 1] Albumen print 17.8 x 23.0 cm George Eastman Museum Courtesy of George Eastman House "Negative by Wm. R. Pywell (copyright cit. 1866, by A. Gardner) Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington. [title] No. 1. August, 1862." (GEH NEG: 8995, 81:0004:0001) | ||
| 4. |  | Barnard & Gibson 1862, March Ruins at Manassas Junction [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 9] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1346) | ||
| 5. |  | Barnard & Gibson 1862, March Ruins at Manassas Junction [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 10] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1350) "Negative by Barnard & Gibson. March, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Ruins at Manassas Junction. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. Plate 10, from "Incidents of the War…" by Alexander Gardner. | ||
| 6. |  | Barnard & Gibson 1862 Fortifications at Manassas [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 11] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1352) "Negative by Barnard & Gibson. March, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Fortifications at Manassas. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto, | ||
| 7. |  | Wood & Gibson 1862, May Battery No. 1, Near Yorktown, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 12] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1351) "Negative by Wood & Gibson. May, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Battery No. 1, Near Yorktown, VA, No. 2. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto | ||
| 8. |  | James Gardner 1864, December Ruins of Norfolk Navy Yard, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 18] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1354) "Negative by J. Gardner. December, 1864. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Ruins of Norfolk Navy Yard, VA. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. Plate 18, from "Incidents of the War…" by Alexander Gardner. | ||
| 9. |  | Alexander Gardner 1862 Antietam Bridge, MD [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 19] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1355) Despite the original note that Wm. R. Pyrell took the negative Alexander Gardner was the photographer. E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) "Negative by Wm. R. Pyrell. September, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Antietam Bridge, MD. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. | ||
| 10. |  | Alexander Gardner 1862 Burnside Bridge, Across Antietam Creek, Maryland [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 20] Albumen print 17.8 x 22.9 cm (7 x 9 in) American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution Museum purchase from the Charles Isaacs Collection made possible in part by the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment | ||
| 11. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1862 Signal Tower on Elk Mountain, Mayland, Overlooking Battlefield of Antietam [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 22] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1356) Despite the original note that Wm. R. Pyrell took the negative Timothy H. O'Sullivan was the photographer. E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) "Negative by Wm. R. Pyrell. September, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Signal Tower on Elk Mountain, Overlooking Battlefield of Antietam. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. Original caption: To the hero of Antietam belongs the credit of first developing and fully appreciating the value of a corps of signalists to an army throughout its active operations in the field, and especially during a great battle. His signal officers were most intelligently and advantageously posted, and seldom, even in later campaigns, had their assistance to a commanding general been more valuable, or more frankly and handsomely acknowledged, than in the momentous struggle on the Antietam. At intervals along our line of battle, and on the most prominent points in the vicinity, were stationed the Federal Signal Officers, detecting by their skill, vigilance, and powerful glasses, every movement of the enemy, reporting them instantly by a few waves of their flags to the Union Commander, and in return, transmitting by the same means the orders to the subordinate generals, which were to check or defeat the man£vres of the enemy. The adjoining sketch represents the most important of those signal look-outs, and was located on the summit of Elk Mountain, one of the South Mountain Range of the Blue Ridge, and overlooking the battle-field. The Elk Mountain Signal Station was operated by Lieutenants Pierce and Jerome, and the view was taken whilst the former officer was receiving a dispatch from General McClellan, probably requesting further information in regard to some reported movement of his wary foe, or sending an important order to a Corps Commander. A rebel correspondent of a Richmond paper, who claims to have been an eye-witness of the battle, thus writes on the succeeding day, of the part taken in it by the Signal Corps of the Union Army: "Their signal stations on the Blue Ridge commanded a view of our every movement. We could not make a man£vre in front or rear that was not instantly revealed to their keen look-outs; and as soon as the intelligence could be communicated to their batteries below, shot and shell were launched against the moving columns. It was this information, conveyed by the little flags upon the mountain-top, that no doubt enabled the enemy to concentrate his force against our weakest points, and counteract the effect of whatever similar movements may have been attempted by us." | ||
| 12. |  | Alexander Gardner 1862, October President Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 23] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1357) Despite the original inscription that Wm. R. Pyrell took the negative Alexander Gardner was the photographer. E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) "Negative by Wm. R. Pywell. October, 1862. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. President Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. Plate 23, from "Incidents of the War…" by Alexander Gardner. Original caption: On the 1st of October, 1862, two weeks after the battle of Antietam, President Lincoln Visited the Army of the Potomac, encamped near Harper's Ferry, in Maryland. He was accompanied on his trip by Major General MclClernand and Staff, Colonel Lamon, the Marshal of the District of Columbia, and Mr. Garrett, President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The President reached General Sumner's headquarters, on Bolivar Heights, at Harper's Ferry, on Wednesday, occupied the afternoon in reviewing the forces at that position, and spent the night at general Sumner's quarters. On Thursday morning he recrossed the Potomac, and was met by General McClellan and Staff, who conducted him during that the following day over the scenes of the recent battle, and in reviewing the various quarters, occupying much of the time in private conversation with him. In this conversation, it is said, that when the President alluded to the complaints that were being made of the slowness of the General's movements, General McClellan replied, "You may find those who will go faster than I, Mr. President; but it is very doubtful if you will find many who will go further." On Saturday, the President set out on his return home, accompanied by General McClellan as far as Middletown, but on the way, riding over the battle-field of South Mountain, the leading incidents of which, the scenes of particularly desperate conflicts, the names of the Corps and officers engaged, &c., were pointed out and described by the General, as he had previously done those of the great battle of Antietam; in all of which the President evinced a deep interest. The President then proceeded to Frederick, where he was received by the people with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of respect, and reached Washington in a special train at ten o'clock at night. | ||
| 13. |  | Alexander Gardner 1860s (ca) Scene in Pleasant Valley, MD [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 24] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1358) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Scene in Pleasant Valley, MD. Published by Philp & Solomons, Washington. 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. | ||
| 14. |  | James Gardner 1865 Meeting of the Shenandoah and Potomac, at Harper's Ferry [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 26] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1369) "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Meeting of the Shenandoah and Potomac, at Harper's Ferry. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 15. |  | Alexander Gardner 1862, November What do I Want, John Henry [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 27] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1364) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Warrenton,Va., November, 1862. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. What Do I Want, John Henry? Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 16. |  | Alexander Gardner 1862, October Guides to the Army of the Potomac [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 28] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1370) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Berlin, Va., October 1862. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Guides to the Army of the Potomac. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: The scouts of an army undergo more hardship and brave greater peril than any other class. Secrecy being their only safety, their heroic deeds pass unrecorded, and when the necessity for their services has ceased to exist, with rare exceptions the brave men are altogether forgotten. Volumes might be written of their heroic deeds, and the historian of the rebellion will have failed in his duty if he neglects to chronicle the instances of their great exploits. Every army had its scouts, but none proved more efficient than those of the Army of the Potomac. The individuals in this group were attached to the Secret Service Department of the Army of the Potomac when conducted by Major Allen Pinkerton. Their faces are indexes of the character required for such hazardous work. Men of iron nerve and indomitable perseverance, they braved the halter with perfect consciousness of their peril, and seldom failed in an undertaking. During the campaign of the army in front of Fredericksburg, they proved of incalculable value. Each man was provided with a pass from the Commanding General, written with a chemical preparation that only became visible when exposed to solar rays, and on the back of which was penciled some unimportant memoranda, to deceive the enemy, should the scout fall into his hands. If captured, he could drop this paper, apparently by accident, without exciting suspicion; and if successful in his expedition, the pass, after a moment's exposure to the light, enabled the bearer to re-enter our lines, and proceed without delay to headquarters. They generally passed as foragers within our own lines, always coming in with vegetables, poultry, and the like, and with the enemy assumes such characters as the occasion might require. They were really spies, and often spent many days within the Confederate lines. The Union people of the South sheltered them, and furnished information that frequently led to the discovery of the designs of the enemy in time to enable our commanding officers to wholly frustrate them. A number of the scouts were taken prisoners, some of whom were executed, while the survivors, scarcely less fortunate, wasted in cells, long, weary months. A few are still retained in the employ of the Government, and have proved no less faithful servants in peace than when confronting the dangers that surrounded the military spy | ||
| 17. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1862 Lacey House, Falmouth, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 29] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1371) George Eastman House has attributed this photograph to Timothy H. O'Sullivan. E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. December, 1862. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Lacey House, Falmouth, VA. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 18. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863 Fredericksburg, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 30] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1372) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. February, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Fredericksburg, VA. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 19. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, May Pontoon Bridge Across the Rappahannock [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 32] Albumen print, from wet collodion negative 7 1/16 x 9 Charles Isaacs Photographs, Inc | ||
| 20. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, June Group of Confederate Prisoners at Fairfax Courthouse [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 34] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1374) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. June, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Group of Confederate Prisoners at Fairfax Courthouse. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: These were a batch of rebel cavalrymen, captured in the battle of Aldie, by the troops under Gen. Pleasanton. The majority of them are dressed in the dusty grey jacket and trowsers, and drab felt hat usually worn by the rebel cavalry; some, however, show no change from the ordinary clothes of a civilian, being probably recruits or conscripts, although their appearance laid them open to the charge (often made during the war) of being irregulars, out for a day's amusement, with their friends in the cavalry, as one might go off for a day's shooting. The fight in which they were taken, was hotly contested, and took place at the foot of the upper end of the Bull Run range of hills, in Loudoun County, in and around the village of Aldie. The rebels were driven, and our cavalry left masters of the field not without serious loss to our side, as well as to the enemy a day or two after, Pleasanton attacked and drove them fifteen miles across the country, to the refuge of the Blue Ridge. Generals Buford and Gregg, ably leading their divisions in the fight. The country around Aldie is very charming, very much diversified with hill, wood and valley, fine farms, pretty books with stone bridges and beyond all, the noble chain of the Blue Ridge, dividing Loudoun from the Shenandoah Valley. | ||
| 21. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863 Gettysburg, Pennsylvania [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 35] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1363) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Gettysburg. July 1863. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th St., Washington" printed in margin recto. Original caption: Gettysburg, the scene of Lee's defeat in 1863, is a post borough and zhundred and fourteen miles west of the former city. It stands on elevated ground, in the midst of a fertile farming country. The Court-House and public offices are handsome and commodious; and the private residences are all built in a neat and substantial manner. The town has a flourishing Lutheran Theological Seminary, with a library of about ten thousand volumes; and is also the seat of Pennsylvania College. The manufacture of carriages is carried on to a greater extent than any other business. A number of copper mines have been opened in the neighborhood, and worked with considerable success. The town numbers about four thousand inhabitants. It was back of this place that the Federal cavalry first met the Confederate infantry, on the 1st of July, 1863, and on the left of the picture can be seen Seminary Ridge, where General Reynolds was killed. This view is taken from Cemetery Ridge, where our artillery was massed, and against which the Confederates directed their most terrible assaults in the last day's fight. The town suffered considerably from the fire of our artillery, and the houses in some parts of the place were covered with indentations of musket balls. Very few of the inhabitants were injured, however, most of them taking refuge in their cellars and other sheltered places. | ||
| 22. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, July A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 36] Albumen print 7 x 9 ins Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1365) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. Gettysburg, July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Harvest of Death. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: Slowly, over the misty fields of Gettysburg as all reluctant to expose their ghastly horrors to the light came the sunless morn, after the retreat by Lee's broken army. Through the shadowy vapors, it was, indeed, a "harvest of death" that was presented; hundreds and hundreds of torn Union and rebel soldiers although many of the former were already interred strewed the now quiet fighting ground, soaked by the rain, which for two days had drenched the country with its fitful showers. A battle has been often the subject of elaborate description; but it can be described in one simple word, devilish! and the distorted dead recall the ancient legends of men torn in pieces by the savage wantonness of fiends. Swept down without preparation, the chattered bodies fall in all conceivable positions. The rebels represented in the photograph are without shoes. These were always removed from the feet of the dead on account of the pressing need of the survivors. The pockets turned inside out also show that appropriation did not cease with the coverings of the feet. Around is scattered the litter of the battle-field, accoutrements, ammunition, rags, cups and canteens, crackers, haversacks, &c., and letters that may tell the name of the owner, although the majority will surely be buried unknown by strangers, and in a strange land. Killed in the frantic efforts to break the steady lines of an army or patriots, whose heroism only excelled theirs in motive, they paid with life the price of their treason, and when the wicked strife was finished, found nameless graves, far from home and kindred. Such a picture conveys a useful moral: It shows the blank horror and reality of war, in opposition to its pageantry. Here are the dreadful details! Let them aid in preventing such another calamity falling upon the nation. For an analysis of this photograph: Juliet Hacking (ed.), 2012, Photography: The Whole Story, (Prestel), pp. 130-131 | ||
| 23. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, July Field Where General Reynolds Fell, Gettysburg [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 37] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1367) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Field Where Gen. Reynolds Fell, Gettysburg. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 24. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, July Interior of Breastworks on Round Top, Gettysburg [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 38] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1368) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Interior of Breastworks on Round Top, Gettysburg. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 25. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863, July Gateway of Cemetery, Gettysburg [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 39] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1375) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Gateway of Cemetery, Gettysburg. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 26. |  | Alexander Gardner 1863, July A Sharpshooter's Last Sleep [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 40] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1376) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Gettysburg, July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. A Sharpshooter's Last Sleep. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto, | ||
| 27. |  | Alexander Gardner 1863 A Sharpshooter's Last Sleep (Description) [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 40] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1376) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Gettysburg, July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. A Sharpshooter's Last Sleep. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 28. |  | Alexander Gardner 1863 Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 41] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1377) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Gettysburg, July, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: On the Fourth of July, 1863, Lee's shattered army withdrew from Gettysburg, and started on its retreat from Pennsylvania to the Potomac. From Culp's Hill, on our right, to the forests that stretched away from Round Top, on the left, the fields were thickly strewn with Confederate dead and wounded, dismounted guns, wrecked caissons, and the debris of a broken army. The artist, in passing over the scene of the previous days' engagements, found in a lonely place the covert of a rebel sharpshooter, and photographed the scene presented here. The Confederate soldier had built up between two huge rocks, a stone wall, from the crevices of which he had directed his shots, and, in comparative security, picked off our officers. The side of the rock on the left shows, by the little white spots, how our sharpshooters and infantry had endeavored to dislodge him. The trees in the vicinity were splintered, and their branches cut off, while the front of the wall looked as if just recovering from and attack of geological small-pox. The sharpshooter had evidently been wounded in the head by a fragment of shell which had exploded over him, and had laid down upon his blanket to await death. There was no means of judging how long he had lived after receiving his wound, but the disordered clothing shows that his sufferings must have been intense. Was he delirious with agony, or did death come slowly to his relief, while memories of home grew dearer as the field of carnage faded before him? What visions, of loved ones far away, may have hovered above his stony pillow! What familiar voices may he not have heard, like whispers beneath the roar of battle, as his eyes grew heavy in their long, last sleep! On the nineteenth of November, the artist attended the consecration of the Gettysburg Cemetery, and again visited the "Sharpshooter's Home." The musket, rusted by many storms, still leaned against the rock, and the skeleton of the soldier lay undisturbed within the mouldering uniform, as did the cold form of the dead four months before. None of those who went up and down the fields to bury the fallen, had found him. "Missing," was all that could have been known of him at home, and some mother may yet be patiently watching for the return of her boy, whose bones lie bleaching, unrecognized and alone, between the rocks at Gettysburg. | ||
| 29. |  | Alexander Gardner 1863, June Studying the Art of War [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 45] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1381) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Fairfax Court-House, June, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Studying the Art of War. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 30. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1864, May The Halt [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 50] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1383) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. May, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. The Halt. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 31. |  | James Gardner 1864 Field Hospital, Second Army Corps [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 54] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1384) "Negative by J. Gardner. Brandy Station, February, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Field Hospital, Second Army Corps. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 32. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1864, February Pontoon Boat [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 58] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1385) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. February, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Pontoon Boat. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 33. |  | James Gardner 1864, May Breaking Camp [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 63] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1387) "Negative by James Gardner. Brandy Station, May, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Breaking Camp. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: Here is represented the deserted quarters of Gen. Sharp, Chief of the Secret Service of the Army of the Potomac, at Brandy Station, Virginia. The tents have been removed, and the sketch depicts the scene when the camping ground, which had been occupied by headquarters during the winter, is being abandoned for the spring campaign. In the back-ground are the stalls for the staff horses, and the stockade or "bull pen" for prisoners arrested by the Provost Marshal General. The photograph possesses interest only as an illustration of the mode of life of the army in winter. No sooner is it known in camp that the quarters are likely to be permanent, than every man commences the erection of substantial quarters, which, in the winter season are made as comfortable as any village. Floors are laid in the tents, log huts are built, and their inner walls neatly covered with illustrated papers, and chimneys with capacious fire-places erected, rendering the winter home of the soldier, if not desirable, at least a very pleasant residence. Storms and frost are unheeded, and the long evenings pass in mirth, with no care for to-morrow's hardship or future perils. What sad reflections crowd upon the mind in visiting these relics of the past! All through the South in many a lonely waste such columns stand as mournful monuments of forgotten joys and aspirations; sealed volumes, whose unwritten lore none can interpret save those who made the record. Fragments of a sorrowful era, and witnesses of events which the world may pray shall never be re-enacted, the visitor beside each wreck will ask:
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| 34. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1863 Wagon Park [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 64] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1388) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. Brandy Station, 1863. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Wagon Park. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 35. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1864 Chesterfield Bridge, North Anna, Virginia [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 66] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1389) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. No. 66. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1866, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Chesterfield Bridge, North Anna, Virginia. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington. May, 1864" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 36. |  | David Knox 1864, October Mortar Dictator [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 75] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1392) "Negative by David Knox. Front of Petersburg, October, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Mortar Dictator. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: The monster mortar, cast by Mr. Carles Knapp, at his celebrated iron works in Pittsburg, Pa., was used for a short time in the summer of 1864, during the siege operations in front of Petersburg. Owing to its immense weight, 17,120 pounds, it was transported from City Point on a railway truck along the City Point and Petersburg Railroad, to a point in the ravine in rear of what is now generally known as Battery No. 5, near the Jordan House, a side track from the main road being constructed especially for the purpose of moving it. The position selected from which to fire it, was admirably concealed from the ever-vigilant eye of the enemy. The truck was so strong and substantially built as to answer a platform for the mortar. The Dictator is a 13-inch mortar, firing a shell weighing two hundred pounds, with a charge of twenty pounds of powder. At an angle of elevation of forty-five degrees the range is set down in the Ordnance Manual at 4,235 yards; but, if it is true that the shell thrown by it reached Centre Hill, in Petersburg, as the writer was informed by a very reliable gentleman of that city, then it must have been carried at least 2.7 miles, or 4,752 yards. The bursting of the shell was described as terrific, an immense crater being formed in the ground where it fell, and earth, stones, and sod being scattered in every direction, much to the consternation of the inhabitants of the place. | ||
| 37. |  | David Knox 1864, August Forge Scene [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 77] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1393) "Negative by David Knox. Front of Petersburg, August, 1864. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Forge Scene. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: This photograph represents one of the forges used by the army at Petersburg, and was taken during the intense heat of a summer day. The trees in the distance were dimly seen through the tremulous air, and pine twigs droop from the eaves of the hut as if a fire had scorched them. The hoofs of the horse are buried in burning dust, and the boots of the men are loaded with powdered earth. By the tall pine in the back-ground, a little tent seems to be vainly seeking the shadow, while over all glares a hot sky, without a cloud to relieve the weary eyes. The parched ground and arid appearance of the landscape was characteristic of the country about Petersburg, where the constant movements of troops crushed out vegetation. Forests, houses, and fences were swept away, and the fields were transformed into vast commons, where the winds raised clouds of sand, and covered everything with the sacred soil. On these glaring deserts, with no covering but the shelter tent and withered brush, the army toiled and fought through many months, filling th valleys with graves, and sapping the vigor of men in the prime of life. Many are the dead that might now be living but for the poison of those torrid days, and all through the land are feeble veterans, who look back upon that campaign as does the pilgrim on his journeyings across the great Sahara. | ||
| 38. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan n.d. View of the Petersburg Gas Works [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 81] Albumen print Larry Gottheim, Be-hold, Inc Courtesy of Larry Gottheim - Be-Hold (47 / 213) A forceful architectural image with light grasses in the foreground. O'Sullivan's PHOTOGRAPH WAGON from the Engineer Department is parked at the right. Attribution to Timothy H. O'Sullivan comes from the authoratitive work on the subject E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) Negative by David Knox. May, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. View of the Petersburg Gas Works. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington | ||
| 39. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan n.d. View of the Petersburg Gas Works [Detail] [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 81] Albumen print Larry Gottheim, Be-hold, Inc Courtesy of Larry Gottheim - Be-Hold (47 / 213) A forceful architectural image with light grasses in the foreground. O'Sullivan's PHOTOGRAPH WAGON from the Engineer Department is parked at the right. Attribution to Timothy H. O'Sullivan comes from the authoratitive work on the subject E.F. Bleiler (1959) Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War (New York, Dover Publications) "Negative by David Knox. May, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. View of the Petersburg Gas Works. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" | ||
| 40. |  | Timothy H. O'Sullivan 1865, May Quarters of Men in Fort Sedgwick, Generally Known as Fort Hell [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 83] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1395) "Negative by T.H. O'Sullivan. May, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Quarters of Men in Fort Sedgwick, Generally Known as Fort Hell. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: This view exhibits the bomb-proof quarters occupied by both officers and men in Fort Sedgwick. sExcavations were made in the ground, and covered first with heavy pieces of timber, over which a layer of earth, of several feet in thickness, is thrown, sufficient to resist the penetration and expulsion of any shell that might fall upon them. The interior of these habitations were made as comfortable as possible, according to the taste of the proprietor. Each had its fire-place, and, in the absence of brick and stone, sticks of wood and barrels were used to build the chimneys, being well plastered in the interior by mud to prevent them from taking fire. In many works, regular bomb-proof quarters were constructed. The scene presents a singular and grotesque appearance - to be appreciated it must be seen; no description will prove adequate. Few know the hardships and discomforts through which soldiers have to pass, and still they appear happy and contented. Fort Sedgwick is one of the most advanced points of the United States lines, standing boldly forward, and constantly inviting attack. The work is a very irregular one, and is thrown across the Jerusalem Plank Road, one of the most important thoroughfares leading out of Petersburg. It is a place of very great interest, on account of its exposed and prominent position for so long a period. Scarcely a day passed without witnessing a heavy artillery duel, and each hour of those many long and weary months, as two brave armies lay opposite to each other, could be heard the shrill, sharp report of some leaden messenger of death. It was here, as elsewhere, that only the reckless would dare expose the slightest part of the person even for a second, and well does this noted spot deserve the not very euphonious name to ears polite, as given by the soldier, of "Fort Hell." Nearly opposite to this work is Fort Mahone, known by the men as "Fort Damnation." The distance between the main lines here is about fifteen hundred feet, and between the pickets two hundred, the latter almost as strong as the former. On the morning of the 2d of April, 1865, this ground became consecrated and holy to the memory of the brave soldiers who fell in that glorious assault upon the opposing batteries, and to those who so courageously defended their post of honor it was strewn with the dead and dying. | ||
| 41. |  | Alexander Gardner 1865 Ruins of Petersburg and Richmond Railroad Bridge, Across the James [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 88] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1400) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Ruins of Petersburg and Richmond Railroad Bridge, Across the James. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. | ||
| 42. |  | Alexander Gardner 1865, April Libby Prison, Richmond, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 89] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1403) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. April, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Libby Prison, Richmond, VA. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: The Old Tobacco Warehouse is too well known to need much description. This view was taken after the time was passed when Union soldiers and men looked wearily through the bars at the monotonous flow of the James, and wondered how much longer they could endure without going mad; or peeping out into the street at the risk of being fired at by some sentry, watched the relief on its rounds, or the arrival of more prisoners to swell the already overcrowded numbers in durance. The Union flag floats upon the building, and the tables are turned. Rebel prisoners occupy the floors, so lately filled by Northern soliders, with permission to kick up their heels to their hearts' content. There is a little crowd around the door at the corner, formed of destitute persons seeking relief. It was in this office the Union prisoners were received by the prison-keepers, and coolly despoiled of any little trifles left about their persons, by their captors. The lower windows on the end of the building, light some of the small cells in the foundation, where officers were placed for punishment. It was here that Captains Flynn and Sawyer were confined, pending the retaliatory execution, to which they were condemned by the revel authorities, and fortunately prevented by the prompt measures adopted by our Government. When Turner brother of the notorious Dick gave himself up, to escape vengeance at the hands of the soldiers, he was deposited in one of these places, that he might have a chance to appreciate the misery of some of those he had so ruthlessly confined here. This view of the Libby is taken from Castle Thunder, a warehouse of the same order of architecture. | ||
| 43. |  | Alexander Gardner 1865, April Ruins of Arsenal, Richmond, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 91] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1405) "Alex. Gardner, Photographer. April, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. Ruins of Arsenal, Richmond, VA. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: The Confederate arsenal at Richmond was one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in the South. At the commencement of the war the revel authorities took possession of a large number of private buildings, such as tobacco and cotton warehouses, and manufactories, and transformed them into Government shops. The masonry shown in the photograph formed the abutment of the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad bridge. The depot was immediately at the end of the structure, and became a portion of the arsenal. In the background are the ruins of the Franklin paper mill, and on the right those of the carbine manufactories. The space occupied by shells, stone, and blocks of iron formed the yard of the shops, in which the ordnance was made. In the foreground are piled up eleven-inch shells. In the middle distance are thirty pound shells, near which are half a dozen charges of canister and a large number of grape shot, each bundle of rings enclosing about thirty pounds of balls, and constituting a charge for a gun. Scattered over the yard, and standing near the base of the arch, are seen the elongated one hundred pound shell for rifled cannon. The arsenal was destroyed by the great fire, at the evacuation of Richmond. The Tredegar Iron Works, where the Confederates manufactured a considerable portion of their artillery, were situated a short distance to the left of the ruins shown here, and escaped the conflagration. | ||
| 44. |  | John Reekie 1865 Ruins of Gaines' Mill, Virginia [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 93] Albumen print 17.8 x 22.9 cm (7 x 9 in) American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution Museum purchase from the Charles Isaacs Collection made possible in part by the Luisita L. and Franz H. Denghausen Endowment | ||
| 45. |  | John Reekie 1865, April A Burial Party, Cold Harbor, VA [Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War. Incidents of the War, pl. 94] Albumen print 7 x 9 in Lee Gallery Courtesy of Lee Gallery (Z1407) "Negative by John Reekie. April, 1865. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1865, by A. Gardner, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Columbia. Incidents of the War. A Burial Party, Cold Harbor, VA. Published by Philp & Solomon, Washington. Positive by A. Gardner, 511 7th Street, Washington" printed in the margin recto. Original caption: This sad scene represents the soldiers in the act of collecting the remains of their comrades, killed at the battles of Gaines' Mill and Cold Harbor. It speaks ill of the residents of that part of Virginia, that they allowed even the remains of those they considered enemies, to decay unnoticed where they fell. The soldiers, to whom commonly falls the task of burying the dead, may possibly have been called away before the task was completed. At such times the native dwellers of the neighborhood would usually come forward and provide sepulture for such as had been left uncovered. Cold Harbor, however, was not the only place where Union men were left unburied. It was so upon the field of the first Bull Run battle, where the rebel army was encamped for six months afterwards. Perhaps like the people of Gettysburg, they wanted to know first "who was to pay them for it." After that battle, the soldiers hastened in pursuit of the retiring columns of Lee, leaving a large number of the dead unburied. The Gettysburgers were loud in their complaints, and indignantly made the above quoted inquiry as to the remuneration, upon being told they must finish the burial rites themselves. Among the unburied on the Bull Run field, a singular discovery was made, which might have led to the identification of the remains of a soldier. An orderly turning over a skull upon the ground, heard something within it rattle, and searching for the supposed bullet, found a glass eye. |