The reproduction of works of art, tableau vivant, reanactments of scenes from the life of Christ.  
  
      
Photographic representations of Jesus Christ 
  
 
  
        
F. Holland Day: The Seven Words 
  

Professor Charles C. Piazzi Smyth^[1] in his Notice of an Illuminated Vellum Manuscript, which formerly belonged to Mary Queen of Scots (1862) included a photograph of Queen Mary's Missal Now at St. Petersburg.  
  
   
Charles Piazzi Smyth: Queen Mary's Missal 
  

Baptism, communion, marriage, death and burial, prayer and confession.  
  
   
Rites of passage 
  
 
  
  
Baptism 
  
 
  
   
Communion 
  
 
  
  
Marriage 
  
 
  
    
Death 
  
 
  
  
Prayer 
  
 
  
  
Confession 
  

Popes, bishops, priests, monks, nuns etc.  
  
     
Priests and monks 
  
 
  
    
Nuns

 
  
 
  
      
Hill & Adamson: Disruption of the Church of Scotland (1843) 
  

Garden of Gethsemane, Arch of Ecce Homo and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

Churchs, monasteries, St. Peter's and vernacular achitecture.  
  
        
Rome: St. Peter's 
  
 
  
                
Jerusalem: Church of the Holy Sepulchre 
  

 
  
     
George Skene Keith: Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion (1859) 
  
 
  
         
Evolution and the Biblical flood 
  

On the right-hand side of the street a narrow passage and flight of steps lead down to the courtyard in front of the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (...). The open court is the favourite resort of pedlars from Bethlehem, who expose their wares for sale on the pavement, and drive a thriving trade in rosaries, mother-of-pearl ornaments, olive-wood trinkets, and other small articles, which the pilgrims purchase as mementoes of their visit to the Holy City.^[5]  
  
   
  

At a short distance from the city there was a spot familiar to them all. It was a garden, and bore the name of Gethsemane, or Oil Press. Tradition points out the exact spot; and some olive trees still standing, possibly the natural representatives of trees then in existence, are supposed to confirm it; but beyond the general locality nothing can be identified with certainty.^[12]

Frederick Henry  Evans Cathedrals    Title | Lightbox | Checklist

9 June 1843
 
Mr D.O.Hill presents his respectful compliments to the Revd Dr Gordon and requests that he will favor him by giving him a sitting for his portrait with a view to its being made use of in Mr Hills prospective Historical Picture of “The First General Assembly of the Free Protesting Church of Scotland” – a work undertaken with the sanction and approval of the Reverend Moderator and a number of the leading members of assembly, and friends of the Church. The preliminary studies of the portraits for this work will in the first instance be made by the use of the Daguerreotype and Calotype – and as Mr Hill has made the necessary arrangements with Mr Adamson a gentleman recommended to him by Sir David Brewster as an adept in the latter process, he requests that Dr Gordon will consent to meet him at Mr Adamson’s house – Calton Stairs (at the top of the first flight of steps leading to the Hill from Waterloo Place) on Saturday the 10th Instant between the hours of 10 A M and 2 P.M. or on the Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday following at the same time. The sitter is detained only a very short time – the whole process being affected in a few minutes. Should none of these days suit Dr Gordon’s convenience, Mr Hill will make it his business to attend any other day and hour he may appoint.^[19]

The subject is one full of interest to every one who can admire heroic self-abnegation in the assertion of principle, and to Scotchmen will possess in especial value as an illustration of national character, whatever their especial views on the question at issue. It is a picture commemorative of the Disruption in the Church of Scotland in 1843. The subject is the "Signing of the Deed of Demission," painted by Mr. D. O. Hill, Secretary to the Royal Scottish Academy, a gentleman whoso name has been many years associated with a deep interest in the art capacity of photography, and with some of the most artistic calotype portraits ever produced. The picture contains nearly five hundred portraits of ministers of the Scotch Church, who gave up livings, manses, glebes in short, all the temporalities which their connection with the Church gave them in the assertion of liberty of conscience.^[20]

In searching for facts alone, in illustration of prophecies, it has uniformly been the Author's endeavour to adduce the most unexceptionable and conclusive evidence; and hence unbelievers, condemned out of their own mouths, have in general been the leading witnesses. As soon as photography began to take its place among the wonderful arts or inventions of the present day, he anticipated a mode of demonstration that could neither be questioned nor surpassed; as, without the need of any testimony, or the aid of either pen or pencil, the rays of the sun would thus depict what the prophets saw. With this intent, on his first visit to the East, he took with him some calotype paper, &c., the mode of preparing which was then secret; but on reaching Syria it was wholly useless. Then engaged in another object, he passed within an hour of Ashkelon and another of Tyre, without seeing either. A second visit to Syria, accompanied by one of his sons, Dr G. S. Keith, Edinburgh, by whom the daguerreotype views were taken, enables him now to adduce such proof; and has led besides to such an enlargement of the evidence from manifold additional facts, as he fain hopes may impart that lesson to others with which his own mind has been impressed, a still deeper conviction of the defined precision of the sure word of prophecy.^[23]

Scene of the return of the ark from captivity with the Philistines
The scene of the attack on the Philistine camp by Jonathan and his armour-bearer
Mount Moriah
The site of Solomon's Temple
Elisha's fountain at Jericho
Bethlehem
Presentation in the Temple
Baptism in Jordan
Cana of Galilee
Bethany
The Way of the Cross
The Holy Sepulchre

The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund have opened the Dudley Gallery, Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly, for an exhibition of great interest, which may form the nucleus of the desired Biblical Museum.
…
The centre piece of the Gallery is a large Ordnance Survey Plan of Jerusalem and its environs, telling very forcibly to the eye the nature of the country, with its well-known historic hills and sacred sites. The walls of the Gallery are hung with nearly 350 admirable photographic views of scenes in Palestine and Syria, taken by Sergeant Phillips under the orders of Captain Wilson and Lieutenant Warren. These pictures are a study in themselves. After looking at them we seem to be familiar with landscapes, now desolate and ruin bestrewn, once so rich and fertile, "with milk and honey blest," that land, "Over whose acres trod those blessed feet."^[26]

Lastly we must mention the valuable services rendered to science by the society of the 'Palestine Exploration Fund', whose labours have extended over nearly ten years, but which unfortunately has not received pecuniary support commensurate with the importance of its objects. (Subscriptions are received by the Secretary, Walter Besant, Esq., 9 Pall Mall East, London.) The object of the society is the 'accurate and systematic exploration of the topography, geology, natural history, and ethnology of the Holy Land, particularly with a view to the interpretation of the Bible'. The society publishes ' Quarterly Statements', sent gratis to every subscriber, the substance of which down to the end of 1872 is comprised in two very interesting works. The larger of these is the 'Recovery of Jerusalem' by Major Wilson and Capt. Warren, edited by W. Morrison (London, 1871), and the smaller, which is to a great extent abridged from the other, 'Our Work in Palestine' (London, 1873). The Society first sent out Major Wilson, R.E., and Captain Anderson, R.E., to report on the best method of proceeding. These officers made a reconnaissance in Galilee and along the watershed to Nabulus; they took a great number of photographs and discovered several of the Galilean synagogues. The Fund next turned its attention to the archaeology of Jerusalem. In 1867 Capt. Warren, R.E., was sent out. His work was continued till 1870, and consisted mainly in making excavations. He, however, also made reconnaissances in Philistia, the Jordan Valley, and Moab. The results of the Jerusalem work are extremely valuable to scholars, especially in fixing the character and dimensions of the great Temple platform and the original rock surface of the Temple hill.
 
In 1871 the Society sent out Professor Palmer, accompanied by Mi. Tyrwhitt Drake. These gentlemen made an adventurous journey through the Negeb and an expedition into Moab.
 
In 1872 the most important undertaking of the Fund was started, being the topographical survey of Western Palestine to the scale of 1-inch to the mile. The party was commanded by Captain Stewart, R.E., and included Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake. Captain Stewart fell ill at the commencement of the work and was succeeded by Lieut. Conder, R.E., who is still in command. At the present date the survey of the whole country from Beersheba to Safed in Galilee, 4600 sq. miles in area, is complete, while 1400 sq. miles remain to be surveyed in upper Galilee. Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake died at his work from fever in June 1874. On 11th July, 1875, the survey party was attacked by a fanatical armed mob at Safed. Lieut. Conder was wounded, as well as Lieut. Kitchener, R.E., the second in command, and nearly every other member of the party. In consequence of this attack, and of the spread of cholera, the party was withdrawn for the winter. It is hoped that the survey will be completed in 1876, and published about a year later.
 
This work will probably prove the most important yet done in Palestine. The Biblical discoveries have been numerous and important; the number of sites explored and names collected is six or seven times greater than that on any published map; careful observations of natural history, geology, architecture, etc., have been made, and large scale plans of important towns, ruins, or buildings, have been drawn. Between 30 and 40 new churches have been found in various parts of Palestine, and some 200 of the rock-cut tombs have been planned.
 
The map will be published in ten large sheets, each accompanied by a memoir with plans and lists of names in English and Arabic. An endeavour will be made to give a description of every ruined site in the whole country from Dan to Beersheba. Numerous photographs have also been taken by the party, which are now being published.
 
In 1874 the Fund also sent out M. Clermont-Ganneau to Jerusalem. His work was principally epigraphic, and his most valuable discovery was that of a fine Hebrew inscription defining the limits of the city of Gezer, which he had already identified from independent considerations.^[31]

1. Λ In the same year that Professor Charles C. Piazzi Smyth published on Queen Mary's Missal in St. Petersburg he also published - C. Piazzi Smyth, 1862, Three Cities in Russia, (London: Lovell, Reeve & Co.) [2 volumes] 
     
   
2. Λ St. John's Gospel, 19.5 
     
   
3. Λ Pierre Benoit, 1971, "The Antonia of Herod the Great, and the East Forum of Aelia Capitolina", Harvard Theological Review, vol. 64, pp. 135-167 
     
   
4. Λ Colonel [Charles William] Wilson (ed.), 1881, Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, (New York: D. Appleton and Company), vol. 1, part 1, p. 16 
     
   
5. Λ Colonel [Charles William] Wilson (ed.), 1881, Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt, (New York: D. Appleton and Company), vol. 1, part 1, p. 14 
     
   
6. Λ I'd be interested in any evidence that the same negatives were shared by any of these photographers or there are cases of negatives being sold on to later studios - alan@luminous-lint.com 
     
   
7. Λ The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York acquired an excellent collection of salted paper prints when they acquired the Gilman Collection in 2005. 
     
   
8. Λ Auguste Salzmann was later involved in archaeological excavations on the island of Rhodes with some of his finds going to the British Museum - 1862, 2 June (Ordered), "Antiquities from Camirus, in the Island of Rhodes", The Finance Accounts I.-VII. of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for the Financial Year 1861-1862 (House of Commons) in the section on "Accounts, Estimates, &c. of the British Museum", pp. 16-17. 
     
   
9. Λ For the publication of Auguste Salzmann of Jerusalem - Auguste Salzmann, 1856, Jérusalem. Etude et reproduction photographique des monuments de la Ville Sainte depuis l'époque judaïque jusqu'à nos jours par Auguste Salzmann, chargé par le Ministère de l'instruction publique d'une mission scientifique en Orient, [Jerusalem: Photographs of the Monuments of the Holy City], (Paris: Gide et J. Baudry) 
     
   
10. Λ The three Gospels are: Matthew 26:36-46, Luke 22:39-46 and Mark 14:32-42. 
      
    
11. Λ The secret of the Garden of Gethsemane - National Research Council of Italy: Trees and Time Institute
    (Published: 19 October 2012, Accessed: 14 December 2014)
    www.ivalsa.cnr.it/en/news/dettaglio-news/article/i-segreti-del-giardino-del-getsemani.html

    The results of the integration of the dendrochronological dating with the radiometric technique (C14 radiocarbon dating) of the part of the trunk which is still present (technique performed using the Wiggle matching method) converge in around the 12th century and leave little doubt that the epigean part of the three trees analysed refers to the same period: Tree no. 1 (1198); Tree no. 4 (1092) and Tree no. 7 (1166).

     
      
    
12. Λ George Philip, 1882, The Garden of Gethsemane, (Hodder), pp. 17-18 
      
    
13. Λ Francis Frith
    www.francisfrith.com 
      
    
14. Λ Tipped-in - ILAB: International League of Antiquarian Booksellers
    (Accessed: 7 November 2013)
    www.ilab.org/eng/glossary/557-tipped-in.html

    Attached to, but not integral to the binding of the book. We usually use this term to indicate something that has been added: a letter from the author, a newspaper or magazine review or obituary, etc. The nature of what is tipped-in will determine whether this addition will enhance or devalue the book.

     
      
    
15. Λ Francis Frith, 1861 (ca), The Holy Bible, (Eyre & Spottiswoode) [Illustrated with photographic views of Biblical Scenery from nature by Frith, 20 albumen prints, approx. 83/4 x 61/2 inches / 225 x 165 mm] 
      
    
16. Λ Kara Fiedorek, 30 December 2014, "A Photographic Bible Fit for a Queen" - New York Public Library Blog
    (Accessed: 3 January 2015)
    www.nypl.org/blog/2014/12/30/photographic-bible-fit-queen 
      
    
17. Λ The photographic historian Beaumont Newhall authored the first monograph on Frederick Henry Evans - Beaumont Newhall , 1973, Frederick Evans: Photographer of the Majesty, Light and Space of the Medieval Cathedrals of England and France, (Aperture)
     
    Anne Hammond (ed.), 1992, Frederick H. Evans: Selected Texts and Bibliography, (Boston: G. K. Hall) [World Photographers Reference Series, vol. 1]; Anne M. Lyden & Hope Kingsley, 2009, The Photographs of Frederick H. Evans, (J Paul Getty Museum) 
      
    
18. Λ David Octavius Hill, 1866, "The First General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland - Signing the Act of Separation and the Deed of Demission at Tanfield, Edinburgh, May 1843", Oil painting, 5 foot x 11 foot 4 inches (1.53m x 3.45m), Free Church of Scotland [This photograph was taken by Rev George T. Thomson LRPS and is provided with the permission of the Free Church of Scotland.] 
      
    
19. Λ An example letter from "Hill, D O, to the subjects of the Disruption picture, here filled in to Dr Gordon, 9 June 1843"
    New College Library (Free Church of Scotland), autograph folder 240
    [Open, lithographed letter]
    DOH to the subjects of the Disruption picture, here filled in to Dr Gordon, 9 June 1843
    Source: scottishphotography.org/?page_id=285 
      
    
20. Λ June 29, 1866, "Large Carbon Reproductions", The Photographic News: A Weekly Record of the Progress of Photography, vol. X, no. 408, pp. 304-305. 
      
    
21. Λ Free Church of Scotland, 15 North Bank Street, The Mound, Edinburgh EH1 2LS, Scotland. Tel: 0131 226 5286 
      
    
22. Λ Oberammergau Passion Play - Wikipedia
    (Accessed: 20 May 2014)
    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberammergau_Passion_Play 
      
    
23. Λ Alexander Keith, 1859, Evidence of the Truth of the Christian Religion derived from the Literal Fulfilment of Prophecy, Thirty-seventh edition, (London, T. Nelson and Sons), preface 
      
    
24. Λ H.H. Kitchener, 1875, Photographs of Biblical Sites (London: Richard Bentley & Son) Folio. Unpaginated. Black decorated maroon cloth with gilt lettering. 
      
    
25. Λ The Palestine Exploration Fund continues its work today. As it says on its website:

    The PEF was founded in 1865 and is the oldest organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant, the southern portion of which was conventionally known as ‘Palestine’. The PEF is a major bridge and information resource for the public and academic community.

    (Accessed: 1 November 2013)
    www.pef.org.uk
     
    The Palestine Exploration Fund, 2 Hinde Mews, Marylebone Lane, London, W1U 2AA, UK
    Tel: +44 (0)20 7935 5379, Fax: +44 (0)20 7486 7438, Email: ExecSec@PEF.org.uk 
      
    
26. Λ anon., July 1, 1869, January, "Relics and Photographs from the Holy Land", The Scattered Nation, vols. 3-4, pp. 194 
      
    
27. Λ The Palestine Exploration Fund continues its work today. As it says on its website:

    The PEF was founded in 1865 and is the oldest organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant, the southern portion of which was conventionally known as ‘Palestine’. The PEF is a major bridge and information resource for the public and academic community.

    (Accessed: 1 November 2013)
    www.pef.org.uk
     
    The Palestine Exploration Fund, 2 Hinde Mews, Marylebone Lane, London, W1U 2AA, UK
    Tel: +44 (0)20 7935 5379, Fax: +44 (0)20 7486 7438, Email: ExecSec@PEF.org.uk 
      
    
28. Λ Ordnance Survey, 1869, Ordnance survey of the peninsula of Sinai. / Made with the sanction of the Right Hon. Sir John Pakington, bart., secretary of state for war, by Captains C.W. Wilson and H.S. Palmer, under the direction of Colonel Sir Henry James...director-general of the Ordnance survey. Pub. by authority of the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, (Southampton, Ordnance survey office [London, H.M. Stationery off., G.E. Eyre and W.S. Spottiswoode, printers])
     
    Library of Congress, Call Number: DS110.5 .G7 (Case Y) [P&P] Copy 1
    www.loc.gov/pictures/item/20010340/ 
      
    
29. Λ The Palestine Exploration Fund continues its work today. As it says on its website:

    The PEF was founded in 1865 and is the oldest organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant, the southern portion of which was conventionally known as ‘Palestine’. The PEF is a major bridge and information resource for the public and academic community.

    (Accessed: 1 November 2013)
    www.pef.org.uk
     
    The Palestine Exploration Fund, 2 Hinde Mews, Marylebone Lane, London, W1U 2AA, UK
    Tel: +44 (0)20 7935 5379, Fax: +44 (0)20 7486 7438, Email: ExecSec@PEF.org.uk 
      
    
30. Λ Major early surveys of the Palestine Exploration Fund included:
     
    Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem
    Ordnance Survey of the Peninsula of Sinai 
      
    
31. Λ Karl Baedeker (firm), 1876, Palestine and Syria. Handbook for Travellers (Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1876), pp.125-126. 
      
    
32. Λ For the Philip Henry Delamotte photographs of the models of extinct animals - British Library, Shelfmark: Tab.442.a.5
     
    For a contemporary description of the extinct animals - Samuel Phillips, 1857, Guide to the Crystal Palace and Park, p. 189-197 
      
    
33. Λ  Unidentified photographer/creator, "Two workmen in the gravel pit near the Seminary of St Acheul, 27 April 1859. The standing workman is pointing to the in situ flint", 1859, 27 April, Albumen print, Bibliothèques d'Amiens Métropole 
      
    

alan@luminous-lint.com